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本帖最后由 细胞海洋 于 2010-1-14 17:51 编辑
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Biotechnology7 @ q% I9 G! Q* h3 t+ r# q
Fifth edition
# O& J: A# i" l2 cBiotechnology is the major technology of the twenty-first century – yet few
0 ]+ L- R0 B* {2 B _people realise how much it impacts on many aspects of human society.9 E- g; w9 Q9 I/ j: G% f4 W! N
The defining aim of this new fifth edition is to re-establish the correct
6 C3 d' \5 n7 Ounderstanding of the term biotechnology. Using the straightforward style+ s8 v: d: `0 p7 I0 Q
that made the previous editions of his textbook so popular, John Smith7 q, E7 w: U- l1 z
once again helps students and general readers alike with the deciphering
' `6 h; I: b. {1 M4 sand use of biological knowledge.He explains the historical developments in7 W8 o$ d$ R3 H3 r2 u+ L
biotechnology and the range of activities from brewing beer, the treatment3 O* a5 H$ ^. m0 v4 q
of sewage and other wastes, and the creation of biofuels. He also discusses; G A) V& p8 l+ n9 i) V1 E4 i5 ^
the innovations in molecular biology, genomics and proteomics, systems
6 k1 s0 E* Z9 N+ t" X* k) ?# g2 N3 abiology and their impact on new biotechnology. In this edition John Smith
% t# h4 c3 D) c% B; S- E2 X6 i& \also re-examines the ethics and morality of aspects of biotechnology and
2 L$ Q' ]: K: ?$ Pputs new emphasis on stem cells and regenerative medicine and micro
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John E. Smith is Emeritus Professor of Applied Microbiology in the
+ s& M. C# A1 N8 B" FInstitute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde,
. Q, h* c, R: _$ C5 vGlasgow and Scientific Advisor to GlycaNova, Norway.
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Preface8 R1 U- r' F0 ~7 E+ F' W
A defining aim of this fifth edition of Biotechnology has been to re-establish8 h- G/ g, A7 l+ [7 }0 s' F
the correct understanding of the true meaning of biotechnology.
& d0 B2 S1 b4 ?' X" y; R0 B! wBiotechnology is in essence the deciphering and use of biological knowledge.% ~) [# u0 h8 i( \' h
It is highly multidisciplinary since it has its foundations in many1 J+ S% X: i/ k
disciplines including biology, microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology,5 n0 J; Y$ ~6 A6 x2 O) F4 n
genetics, chemistry and chemical and process engineering. It may also8 G3 k ^0 y+ S& W6 p: m
be viewed as a series of enabling technologies that involve the practical
3 Q* B/ t3 h9 Zapplication of organisms (especially microorganisms) or their cellular components
4 X+ S- ]. p- R8 b2 m& Ato manufacturing and service industries and environmental management." O2 p$ ?- i- R
Historically, biotechnology was an artisanal skill rather than a) P; n! M5 D m
science, exemplified in themanufacture ofwines, beers, cheeses, etc.where
" l, k8 k3 m- _; U$ w+ othe techniques of manufacture were well worked out and reproducible,4 N6 ~7 b. j. {7 Z: C+ M& @
while the biological mechanisms were not understood. As the scientific
. k( {: ^! x# c6 @6 ^basis of these biotechnology processes has developed this has led to more
0 s* q, j& I/ ]; `5 { eefficient manufacturing of the traditional processes that still represent the5 o2 w. L5 J$ e( g
major financial returns of biotechnology, i.e. bread, beers, wines, cheeses,
8 J) u) L2 ?8 i7 qetc. Modern biotechnological processes have generated a wide range of new
' b7 V; n. y$ {+ |; U) zand novel products including antibiotics, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies,
2 x0 O0 Z1 u* D. jthe production of which has been optimised by improved fermentation
8 B$ ~6 m, x( w/ npractices. Biotechnology has been further revolutionised by a range! c$ E' W( v/ D* B) C! v) i! |
of new molecular biology innovations, allowing unprecedented molecular
: @' w$ ?5 A& ?9 pchanges to be made to living organisms. The increasing understanding of
3 p8 D7 t$ u: ]6 |6 Ngenomics and proteomics has led to the creation of a vast range of transgenic/ N, L: C) O9 O! C- G' H0 h1 I
microorganisms, agricultural (genetically modified) crops and animals,3 k+ w4 K5 N* D% w6 w' Z# `2 K" M
and major new recombinant protein drugs, and has revolutionised
0 m# f5 S8 B0 Y3 r! [- pactivities in the traditional food and drinks industries. In the environment,
0 J; Z! W+ ?* w7 J8 jbiotechnology innovations are creating major advances in water
9 |1 O# \9 |! n0 e1 Hand land management and also remediating the pollution generated by
( Y& m, ?3 z7 c" G- fover-industrialisation./ S1 R5 j3 D1 t2 b7 d4 V
There have been vast investments in molecular diagnostics, not only in
W# |! P/ u& C! wmedicine but in plant and animal agriculture and the environment. Will& S- i+ g! G( G1 g. K. s" P
the huge potential of stem cells for remedial medicine soon be realised?
, F4 J6 i( c' t; xUntil recently, much attention has been given to determining the ‘nuts$ B, C" O# Y- U4 }3 ?* m* F; F$ g" B
and bolts’ of biological systems. Now, systems biology is aiming to describe ?: H3 C: T. a) x# ?
and to understand the operation of complex biological systems and ultimately- s0 s, \! C* a5 j' j2 N
to develop predictive models of, for example, human disease and$ _" [( R; P- Q, t
complex fermenter systems used in biotechnology.- W& I0 A/ n3 l$ X+ X. i
Some of the new aspects of biotechnology, such as genetic engineering,. p& |; q9 A4 I9 n" N
have aroused certain social sensitivities of an ethical, moral and political) b3 ^8 m& R$ J* s' k: L
character. Regulatory authorities throughout the world are now examining
8 i( a6 J6 D7 n) W8 jthe implications of these new and revolutionary techniques. It is hoped that T& O0 M7 k* q# ]2 i
common sense will prevail.* U& i. v$ c3 b) A
Undoubtedly, modern biotechnology can only maximise its full potential
# G) T x- G' m1 |to benefit mankind through achieving a basis of public understanding,
# `2 R' B2 q+ tawareness, and knowledge of the technologies. Participating scientists must learn to communicate openly with the public and attempt to demystify the D1 r) `/ _5 _- W) q7 T
complex nature of living systems. By doing so they will generate a greater
% b, m2 E0 Z2 W6 e/ E, H' [0 wlevel of confidence and trust between the scientific community and the
/ X& p0 K' z4 F' O( xpublic at large.
9 b# ]/ v6 D: q0 ?) i% ^5 B' `* }This expanded fifth edition of Biotechnology is again aimed to give an! z8 t5 x# y8 K) i
integrated overview of its complex, multifaceted and often ill-maligned3 N% }# `6 {& f4 r2 L6 z" t5 e
subjects, and for some young readers to point the way forward to exciting,2 l2 }# ^$ T' O: ]- ~
satisfying and rewarding careers. Biotechnology will undoubtedly be the
2 e) k' o0 b0 f$ s# n$ m6 |major technology of the twenty-first century and should be so recognised
% S2 M& s+ u7 _by the lay public.% V& \, D( U+ R- x/ E! P
I amagain deeply indebted to the long-suffering Elizabeth Clements for& E7 R7 Y8 y- c- i
her skilful processing of the manuscript and her continued dedication. |
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发表于 2010-1-14 17:41
