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本帖最后由 细胞海洋 于 2010-1-14 17:51 编辑
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Biotechnology
d8 r( `0 b3 L+ ]7 F; h. fFifth edition/ |4 x- q* p9 i$ P9 m- R
Biotechnology is the major technology of the twenty-first century – yet few
& I. S+ p8 X5 I, Npeople realise how much it impacts on many aspects of human society.; f* g0 z0 Q$ {+ b C( `$ ^3 M K
The defining aim of this new fifth edition is to re-establish the correct
1 o, i3 F8 V! h U* x+ Lunderstanding of the term biotechnology. Using the straightforward style# {( S1 D8 t4 J3 @) r
that made the previous editions of his textbook so popular, John Smith- _4 h. R- S& G
once again helps students and general readers alike with the deciphering$ S r& s$ _: S( f
and use of biological knowledge.He explains the historical developments in M& U$ @+ E' n7 w5 M
biotechnology and the range of activities from brewing beer, the treatment( ?# x' I6 Q. t9 T2 @4 r1 _$ a; X' @
of sewage and other wastes, and the creation of biofuels. He also discusses
; b- E9 \( Q6 S7 m: k& dthe innovations in molecular biology, genomics and proteomics, systems
; E; V m" R6 N: V' k$ gbiology and their impact on new biotechnology. In this edition John Smith3 A- x# V: R/ i/ y0 z. C& M- u
also re-examines the ethics and morality of aspects of biotechnology and
2 J. t- |5 ?+ J' I% G/ xputs new emphasis on stem cells and regenerative medicine and micro& ^1 Y3 T: m* E* i6 H' R$ V
RNA.- p& Q6 u( d/ S- T" N H: P
John E. Smith is Emeritus Professor of Applied Microbiology in the, [4 Y2 y% y4 v2 Q' G2 I1 s
Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde,, L9 ~0 R' L. H( U: N
Glasgow and Scientific Advisor to GlycaNova, Norway.7 o! n2 f4 `9 r1 Q! |" p
3 v0 Q3 S# ~+ O6 u' ~0 UPreface2 q" i2 s# D w
A defining aim of this fifth edition of Biotechnology has been to re-establish! e! [$ v: N$ z9 u0 K# V
the correct understanding of the true meaning of biotechnology.
, W+ n7 T/ B8 [Biotechnology is in essence the deciphering and use of biological knowledge.; W5 F% H$ ^2 V
It is highly multidisciplinary since it has its foundations in many, k% o7 q3 H, m: A# X; A
disciplines including biology, microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology,! r! k# K0 G' e* D/ G; t
genetics, chemistry and chemical and process engineering. It may also- {7 F0 n! F4 z8 R2 h
be viewed as a series of enabling technologies that involve the practical
6 T1 l% o& z8 x0 Happlication of organisms (especially microorganisms) or their cellular components
1 v7 }# \2 n' {8 F3 Y7 N* v( ato manufacturing and service industries and environmental management.6 ]! q1 L# s: p% v' z( u. C
Historically, biotechnology was an artisanal skill rather than a
+ q: C* y+ K, R" D+ f' Kscience, exemplified in themanufacture ofwines, beers, cheeses, etc.where
. n, e X" ^6 s4 C5 g+ j$ X: I; Wthe techniques of manufacture were well worked out and reproducible,4 a* u5 G8 y5 A8 g# ?; l- i |+ \
while the biological mechanisms were not understood. As the scientific# Q, v& j7 t0 \1 Z e4 A9 `
basis of these biotechnology processes has developed this has led to more8 s" Q& p, H; o- ` x5 m6 y& {
efficient manufacturing of the traditional processes that still represent the
4 Y' _1 e0 n. g: ~/ ymajor financial returns of biotechnology, i.e. bread, beers, wines, cheeses,) n8 R A `, X; F* A+ E8 T, C5 ]
etc. Modern biotechnological processes have generated a wide range of new2 E: \2 b) y7 `+ S8 O
and novel products including antibiotics, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies,, K6 Y8 ^' ?7 N
the production of which has been optimised by improved fermentation! T6 e# @8 I& n* @" F: p( t7 O
practices. Biotechnology has been further revolutionised by a range6 U* c0 @; F% L: z! s9 f9 q
of new molecular biology innovations, allowing unprecedented molecular* v- V E0 S: \/ }& ?
changes to be made to living organisms. The increasing understanding of; [- O5 T' \* }% \1 v( O
genomics and proteomics has led to the creation of a vast range of transgenic4 J( r r8 n6 G; x/ u/ I Q7 a
microorganisms, agricultural (genetically modified) crops and animals,
# A- e6 e l. G- Gand major new recombinant protein drugs, and has revolutionised2 L/ m# I( g3 N2 m c. t+ k
activities in the traditional food and drinks industries. In the environment,
! h! o% i9 h* J4 n! h. J( c rbiotechnology innovations are creating major advances in water
) \6 P$ Z. g) Vand land management and also remediating the pollution generated by/ \, q% h! o9 I# p3 t
over-industrialisation.; o. M- w, \5 |: [6 ~
There have been vast investments in molecular diagnostics, not only in
. o( m% M+ H5 Hmedicine but in plant and animal agriculture and the environment. Will& R- H+ Q( T6 O' W2 V8 A4 b- i4 |1 \
the huge potential of stem cells for remedial medicine soon be realised?( W- }- E5 ?; A& M9 M& V
Until recently, much attention has been given to determining the ‘nuts5 Q) I( t- b, K' ]- A. n
and bolts’ of biological systems. Now, systems biology is aiming to describe
/ r& o+ m. b" g8 j3 hand to understand the operation of complex biological systems and ultimately
; |1 _% ?+ ~; Y$ `( n$ D- g; Uto develop predictive models of, for example, human disease and6 v7 w* Q/ y: }7 {
complex fermenter systems used in biotechnology., V `$ m+ P D- _- C
Some of the new aspects of biotechnology, such as genetic engineering,
% @1 w/ A# T- {have aroused certain social sensitivities of an ethical, moral and political
) r+ o* n! K, N( T6 V5 o0 E5 Bcharacter. Regulatory authorities throughout the world are now examining
X* ]4 o( b4 Tthe implications of these new and revolutionary techniques. It is hoped that
# i' n6 B$ X3 a+ x2 j( x3 ~common sense will prevail.
& m0 C/ a, a- ?# d ^Undoubtedly, modern biotechnology can only maximise its full potential
. k, y, D! |9 d. i% s% mto benefit mankind through achieving a basis of public understanding,
6 a e ]* s- o8 |9 Aawareness, and knowledge of the technologies. Participating scientists must learn to communicate openly with the public and attempt to demystify the( G" k6 k2 y2 ?! ?7 @
complex nature of living systems. By doing so they will generate a greater
, Z5 S- ?9 w% hlevel of confidence and trust between the scientific community and the- } d/ D7 \- I) v* n' x
public at large.9 o' {; L; s) m* H3 ]5 `
This expanded fifth edition of Biotechnology is again aimed to give an( J- K1 F+ L6 ]5 }' `
integrated overview of its complex, multifaceted and often ill-maligned
- K0 {1 w# \: Z, J* asubjects, and for some young readers to point the way forward to exciting,
* A8 [! z% o% ?# W# K, L+ Csatisfying and rewarding careers. Biotechnology will undoubtedly be the& @/ u. u8 B( C; \; }; z* X
major technology of the twenty-first century and should be so recognised' ]+ u/ Q8 [ U |0 J) m( ^$ |% `0 D7 n
by the lay public.! n P3 ~+ U _6 |) `4 _ Q8 K- Y
I amagain deeply indebted to the long-suffering Elizabeth Clements for I* c1 G- B. K. B
her skilful processing of the manuscript and her continued dedication. |
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发表于 2010-1-14 17:41
发表于 2010-1-14 17:50
发表于 2010-1-18 03:47
