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本帖最后由 细胞海洋 于 2011-7-14 22:01 编辑 3 B, {5 y4 v7 s. z# j/ ~
: v& m! {- k4 E- l2 o [hide][/hide]9 g) U0 W6 e" ]" I3 y( Q
Virology - Principles and Applications% @# O& j3 |5 U+ ~0 l1 d9 Y' n
Dr John Carter (Liverpool John Moores University, UK), Prof Venetia Saunders (Liverpool John Moores University, UK)
' c, e$ ^1 {7 V5 @8 GAugust 2007, ©2007; s- M4 Z0 F% ^: z
by Dr John Carter, Prof Venetia Saunders
/ D9 j3 s/ A( S* _ x. tISBN 978-0-470-02387-7: J" g I1 \8 H/ I/ e- }
Preface.
; }1 i2 i8 E9 u9 Q& K9 _
0 T; }% h w( Z8 h4 u8 oAbbreviations used in this book.
) k: H7 q, G3 N* V1 q$ M* |4 Z) r/ P, P8 Q1 c$ W, V
Greek letters used in this book.4 O0 l* G* w6 F1 V) e5 R' F R
" B6 ~! m! p9 Z) M4 mColour coding for molecules.
& f/ m+ p' `7 x) S3 b# M
" J$ \/ c4 i5 e A1 Viruses and their importance., i4 N$ N: _7 p* m+ p: ]. K! n5 l
o# C& b* [% Y! H) d- i3 w- z
1.1 Viruses are ubiquitous on Earth.6 Q" N P6 q9 N) L5 ?! m
2 n' e0 x/ d+ J3 l1 m5 W- V
1.2 Reasons for studying viruses.2 F* t# [7 f8 A6 N6 z2 @6 A+ ]$ x
, t$ d. t% P9 S0 m; }/ u1 \' ]1.3 The nature of viruses.9 n$ S. c W# i3 T; T
; E9 t5 ?' S7 o9 U
1.4 The remainder of the book.
( N4 ~5 d* a U- D
& G( T) T6 J' v% W3 x! S/ X2 Methods used in virology.
& }9 n2 d2 x' U3 W/ O% b0 F
. y L) j! R5 a/ H& b2 P2.1 Introduction to methods used in virology.& K' y2 }' S* U H1 V" c6 ^
* ~- E& W8 K; I0 M& m8 v2.2 Cultivation of viruses.5 C) n( m& y8 D' p/ L: ^
$ h1 l8 t' J' P) o( w# i; K( f2.3 Isolation of viruses.- `2 H: \, h/ a1 s0 p5 f
3 c( N4 O; n3 N& @4 V
2.4 Centrifugation.: l. t% v/ V$ A; p% Z4 C
1 j+ i& t+ h9 w# W7 c
2.5 Structural investigations of cells and virions./ d! \7 A* p7 k. }
, x; B8 D$ Q2 w/ k! k0 Z2.6 Electrophoretic techniques. g- _$ |) P, k0 a) C1 o
7 f0 I$ y9 M% }" \! T' |. _
2.7 Detection of viruses and virus components.
1 p- t2 }) `& s" ]+ X2 X3 a# v6 F- d0 K& m9 e8 o
2.8 Infectivity assays.- Y% U: e( K! r) N z
8 K" c( k- f" h; y3 _
2.9 Virus genetics.
U% p- x: [; |" K _+ t5 U; ~* }5 e1 O' e2 l0 m: Y! C
3 Virus structure.- `, ?8 R" @) ~0 ~$ [$ t+ u
- J" y2 v3 X9 O3 U3.1 Introduction to virus structure.1 ]0 V+ C2 U" Q# Z8 ~; B
" K! W# R0 A/ m0 m( ?" K0 ?
3.2 Virus genomes.: y& \7 M' y: c2 w
# V: h' A. p8 L
3.3 Virus proteins.) i9 K* z' D0 X6 j! P1 H
4 h, ^8 a1 l5 ?
3.4 Capsids.
* V% O+ c* _* A7 j, t4 \' z3 C% H; \: r2 }, t
3.5 Virion membranes.
7 A6 Q6 K+ [2 M, e @- G* l6 R4 R
: f9 l. z7 p! |+ M3.6 Occlusion bodies.
0 M# h+ }% b/ l( \7 o0 N# O# ~$ `1 d, `3 ]$ q8 C
3.7 Other virion components.
( q8 h- K) @' d. k. }& T! y1 I4 z; g2 v1 y
4 Virus transmission.
5 Q" `$ b9 T* }# A2 T x9 u4 V; Z7 l: L8 W3 B% T
4.1 Introduction to virus transmission.
0 d% N/ W# q& f- t
# r3 j" J; Y# w4 I0 \* _; S, a4.2 Transmission of plant viruses.' x4 d+ h& K. Q& Z \
2 b( f: {- k" j4.3 Transmission of vertebrate viruses.+ m |$ l1 J. S' N
0 F. {0 m; F; \ h/ c) \" E1 ~2 N
4.4 Transmission of invertebrate viruses.6 s/ o8 ?7 u- n' E+ a$ ]% @
0 m1 b9 k) q% X+ S7 t" v6 Y
4.5 Permissive cells.
5 J" b: B/ Y3 z) @4 C9 \: s
8 f; A! {7 x" [/ n5 Attachment and entry of viruses into cells.
% R6 p3 M, B- h$ a! `- Y9 ~
, c7 d7 u8 r1 B" K5.1 Overview of virus replication.
% C( ~7 C2 V- t' v8 g E e. b0 s( s' Y$ t+ ~8 m( ]' c2 b! A8 }, y
5.2 Animal viruses.
+ f$ G/ n1 \& a( f( D a# S, ~# c
5.3 Bacteriophages.
7 A5 e* I( I7 K+ ?( A
% v" [9 p5 F& B# e9 V+ h% S6 Transcription, translation and transport.$ E" \6 t L# S2 f# x
1 U" _( J! J9 ]: B5 w8 V
6.1 Introduction to transcription, translation and transport.) ^7 a& Y1 _# ^' L9 E% M" I
9 W$ C$ }2 V$ d& {0 i0 h6 P
6.2 Transcription of virus genomes." @# G: l0 `- `- \. h- c
! P; G% \" u) @% {/ e8 x* A
6.3 Transcription in eukaryotes.
# C+ a$ g/ ^; r9 f* z4 B
9 s# J! t/ y* h9 A" R" i8 x* G6.4 Translation in eukaryotes.
; ~3 G# Q) k1 d3 m# [% j5 @0 w: C9 X- ~$ E- a) K$ X$ H
6.5 Transport in eukaryotic cells.
( C% o$ k2 Q7 R$ F- c- k% N
% |' M/ v' M; n3 U6.6 Transcription and translation in bacteria.! ^ ?+ v2 `# m/ R+ b: T$ `+ a! X
" g# K2 z. q8 j( @: l( d W+ l7 Virus genome replication." Q( X$ X) v9 g3 m% z
2 E- D, h4 |; M0 Q& o& h7 [1 T7.1 Overview of virus genome replication.+ A# R! |1 `" X) o% \. I( A
3 W: `3 l8 g' x7 }0 w7.2 Locations of virus genome replication in eukaryotic cells.
/ o4 T: A3 R: p! Q! l) o6 ~% Q8 H
7.3 Initiation of genome replication.1 @6 E: `( o, {7 M& Z
$ s0 E" l: l- g+ Y' D* U4 E( ~3 y9 U% R
7.4 Polymerases. \9 ]) W) {& C) \1 c$ Z4 z
D" q1 Z6 b Y
7.5 DNA replication.9 _: D7 I0 v" F3 Y
- T% W" T, ^, t+ r" |* ~* B) B
7.6 Double-stranded RNA replication.
" ^. T! T ~) r v8 k; O4 N4 ~
" B5 U. _/ W( J/ o1 ^5 D$ ~$ v9 e7.7 Single-stranded RNA replication.
) j/ O% M% N9 N5 N1 k- I+ e4 h" v8 t0 m. K$ ?4 c' }
7.8 Reverse transcription., m; `7 S& S" S1 A( V V& M- r; K% o4 ~
4 |9 g% E4 G( X0 |: Q4 ~8 Assembly and exit of virions from cells.
# C" B, Q: o5 ] C
. s6 `6 v4 b- o; F \, c5 j/ t3 m8.1 Introduction to assembly and exit of virions from cells.
, q i' d8 v; y; \: h% P+ ?8 Q6 T1 m- |; g/ v2 |
8.2 Nucleocapsid assembly.* o+ h' u X6 L# b" q
+ q# V' N6 a, Q! |* j* r
8.3 Formation of virion membranes.. m: P* r. N3 a6 C
6 M1 d" J, K2 g, n, {$ j+ [ M! u8.4 Virion exit from the infected cell.8 W* T1 k; v- }9 t
3 C; I: A( w+ f- }, P
9 Outcomes of infection for the host.
; F4 G3 G0 }' z8 O6 A$ I! t" y) b% w) s: Z2 c4 t9 q
9.1 Introduction to outcomes of infection for the host.; B( ]3 q1 I6 L- Z4 n0 \
% u8 r2 U9 A7 R/ l. S8 P+ d' x
9.2 Factors affecting outcomes of infection.
) s! B0 w2 n, s7 i1 R3 e6 a( |, n8 [' Q1 ?$ ]+ k) R7 B0 l- t5 N
9.3 Non-productive infections.
# L+ O. a# g( N+ L& _8 C; r
/ a% n/ O$ w' n2 Q1 W5 @8 @9.4 Productive infections.
2 Q0 `$ g8 g* h6 ?
' Q+ ?- T9 L! A$ l7 \10 Classification and nomenclature of viruses.
# U e% h0 k. A) z
0 R7 V9 d0 n7 K0 f( x10.1 History of virus classification and nomenclature.
% _) \; z8 F# d$ \: X' w# M8 }6 e; x; A. m
10.2 Modern virus classification and nomenclature.) D+ h) a5 J4 G# \2 {
; m1 T$ } O/ v; [! L+ `+ s10.3 Baltimore classification of viruses.
* c/ ^3 L4 k; y- R$ G: A0 u" n
8 ~ w! |% A ? u/ e: _11 Herpesviruses (and other dsDNA viruses).
3 e9 | D7 H' n6 n# Y- N
% j+ m8 r# Y: {. d! Q11.1 Introduction to herpesviruses.
! [0 Q1 m7 D5 U* q% y5 Q6 C
7 T2 e. Z9 n- \: z11.2 The human herpesviruses.
R2 ~, g2 ^7 G1 H
1 s7 R; T q' s- \ o11.3 The herpesvirus virion.
9 j9 ~% D* t1 k5 {; r6 `0 P4 c9 @1 e+ ?) S. E, D
11.4 HSV-1 genome organization.
2 O5 s% o" a. F3 [2 w
' P5 a$ Z& F: R+ G- Z11.5 HSV-1 replication./ N. \% Q E" l( D9 r' ]
; z: y V# h% e5 A: P5 _
11.6 Latent herpesvirus infection.9 G3 O% i, V* R, X$ i+ }
3 k! C/ a2 Y4 ?. v
11.7 Other dsDNA viruses.
1 H8 H1 z( r) n1 r
+ Q* V. m- T& t$ t; L/ K+ I12 Parvoviruses (and other ssDNA viruses).+ l$ F/ b i- S5 d! _" `. y
: ]; R7 E7 g" h12.1 Introduction to parvoviruses.. R% i3 V! W, o$ w. s( U% ^! m
; Z7 o3 {% c" _4 v+ T5 B; V' L12.2 Examples of parvoviruses.
* H9 d2 D& d/ I# ]$ A3 f+ B& X: t; j$ s+ y G* |( x
12.3 Parvovirus virion.# Y; o2 S7 e* u/ _1 `( P$ g
7 W8 W) N5 M1 j p$ l3 ^ w: I) W
12.4 Parvovirus replication.
( X. k) b( U k( _& X
1 J( h: D3 i! W& `0 ^12.5 Other ssDNA viruses.
. n0 B' h5 M! ^- b) U
/ `; \; K# n) E. a( c13 Reoviruses (and other dsRNA viruses).
) r: h: B8 A4 I" `( F7 U: O! p
' L( S/ {0 C) h4 ^7 U13.1 Introduction to reoviruses. k( Q8 E" W. K
4 p7 J% v, ?8 T! y
13.2 Rotavirus virion.
+ }- v* l! k! D
: X8 k; g/ w: q13.3 Rotavirus replication.
% u* z( r* \2 [& P* |5 W! F9 j9 P( e* A6 r2 q6 o( t
13.4 Other dsRNA viruses.
6 J1 i5 q) p' ] w) e9 j( F3 f' M
14 Picornaviruses (and other plus-strand RNA viruses)." X& b; J$ ` }" u& J/ b* b
) y3 R; \8 S, L) m
14.1 Introduction to picornaviruses.
; j# a* z6 J( ~# I* o- y# @ e' l* f3 Y9 W9 j3 j5 {" y
14.2 Some important picornaviruses.
$ x; ^6 G5 o# A) H
, y$ |3 @0 F. K7 O1 Z+ Z+ }14.3 The picornavirus virion./ J9 I# Z1 w. g9 k+ t4 j6 D
, a8 t6 e# g" C% u7 _& q5 g14.4 Picornavirus replication.3 x' A/ K$ \8 }- Q$ |# @4 Q
; q$ H: s P4 A* s/ j9 n
14.5 Picornavirus recombination.+ U1 M6 E5 B2 w: B0 W- B
# ?* ^# x* d2 \' ~, ]* ^
14.6 Picornavirus experimental systems5 r7 V/ j- f8 Z& f4 A: G. N
) W# G; [0 N6 b14.7 Other plus-strand RNA viruses.3 ^7 x' a. w% J4 N# |1 r& n
; \& ~8 o8 ^5 A% t
15 Rhabdoviruses (and other minus-strand RNA viruses).
' F, X6 U$ L9 K. j! a% J& X2 [$ {+ l; k' A0 O
15.1 Introduction to rhabdoviruses.0 |$ L R* p( ]1 A8 R" g- f& l
! R7 y) D1 ]4 m" b. s; ~15.2 Some important rhabdoviruses.
, [/ L* M' K u2 h& @
5 d; R+ K. e) k+ i15.3 The rhabdovirus virion and genome organization.
, y4 j! y+ h; z$ j8 S
$ n& k- G1 L/ j9 n15.4 Rhabdovirus replication.7 Y5 }- U+ i! Y. i+ ?- w4 c" s0 \
- a' U7 R2 d( ~. H) H
15.5 Other minus-strand RNA viruses.
- u/ J8 m( t h: E$ E6 U# m2 e7 u" \- g
15.6 Viruses with ambisense genomes.
0 W5 {2 J/ r0 v4 R9 O0 ~
) W" f8 x% N; v15.7 Reverse genetics.
1 i: o: [6 U9 [* J) [4 U6 d1 ~$ _
16 Retroviruses.7 R8 b7 D# o) A( A8 m/ c" w
6 S5 A7 q5 N, X {" O6 `
16.1 Introduction to retroviruses./ }7 r, o2 k b5 Z, {
/ j/ c+ `# E; @0 |" N" o! l
16.2 Retrovirus virion.
. S! d4 B0 r/ ~' E: s6 B$ Z3 U7 R h8 t0 T. O# t( y
16.3 Retrovirus replication.
# Y/ V( U( V8 s3 R/ w4 k+ ]5 V1 f/ y/ @: A' x) M
16.4 Examples of retroviruses.& H2 l7 i& @- A* q6 Z3 B
2 I( Y2 \+ {: E. {% V9 V
16.5 Retroviruses as gene vectors.
- e& T, }8 Z% o* ?* O
# M% y& h/ t& z0 T* O; A16.6 Endogenous retroviruses.- x. D( N3 L0 D: I: y$ ^
( R& H: k J5 R, E* X% \" ~: b17 Human immunodeficiency viruses./ c) x+ `: W! F& @5 _ @
; T( H8 \3 t* c17.1 Introduction to HIV.% m7 y' S( v7 |5 d
+ n1 b/ T6 H, i, j0 u x17.2 HIV virion.
8 F' K8 K$ d7 ~
# I# O6 J% B# F# t2 o n, `. D0 Q& m5 C8 X17.3 HIV genome.
# D7 `' O" C0 w
8 y$ _$ [' u9 L17.4 HIV-1 replication.
0 E8 w0 l$ U$ {, v, ?7 V; L) d
17.5 HIV-1 variability.4 E. x1 N4 w4 u: G$ d; a/ t4 i- G
8 y( |. X0 |: w7 O8 C# H) ]3 G17.6 Progression of HIV infection.3 u9 |# _, K( W+ o. m5 @
% |+ p$ F' @" B/ g9 B( H
17.7 Prevention of HIV transmission.! g1 z3 x9 L5 B7 v. x: {; Q8 x( |& Q4 h
m5 l8 b: _, a- V1 N18 Hepadnaviruses (and other reverse-transcribing DNA viruses).8 ~- z& o* _/ I; r. V
l: V( x) o: c2 X' L/ _
18.1 Introduction to hepadnaviruses.5 ^9 A! E8 y7 G$ ?! l
9 @. z, @) L) Y7 {8 `18.2 Importance of HBV.1 C% @7 t1 a& E J
: |* ^* b" p! J: n4 w8 X1 G18.3 HBV virion.
0 j" z0 W0 V9 c7 ^7 y( ]9 E
' L, |& z$ C5 K, p# ~" c9 K18.4 Non-infectious particles.
1 j+ _6 }$ K& y! h6 g1 s) H& C- b. T! a* R% u
18.5 Soluble virus protein.# L# {( I8 j5 w- W6 V6 E& v
* U F7 E6 Y7 m8 K' l7 N( m18.6 HBV genome.- R' ?) c3 [' W" ~( a ~8 S( S v
" o; }& O2 k6 }' d# A0 T5 h2 N
18.7 HBV genetic groups.8 s% n3 x( I6 {1 Q& d# L
( g9 k6 T9 v' @1 C$ c18.8 HBV replication cycle.# N* A- d. ?& B% q' L, B8 T
2 S d" X7 [- {2 k$ P8 A: U8 y18.9 Prevention and treatment of HBV infection.
6 f* L/ l4 ?: H, ?/ t! ]! X
4 s' S7 N% k3 A18.10 Other reverse-transcribing DNA viruses. Z2 |* @ @8 I1 w$ Z2 P* e
4 @5 ~' I# I6 W. l. i. Q
19 Bacterial viruses.; {+ E4 C3 M. H0 i' {3 E# b
4 E1 h' Y" e( L b: z19.1 Introduction to bacterial viruses (bacteriophages.
* \4 x6 m; n* o6 [% W% d
5 ]+ b9 {% V4 h% a6 u- ^RNA PHAGES.
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19.2 Single-stranded RNA phages.
* g1 O; q3 p [/ X- H
$ C: i8 z0 T, V' R+ O19.3 Double-stranded RNA phages.
, p1 o/ u0 M; s, u) | R; W! q, _; j/ t8 h5 M
DNA PHAGES.& X( T( Q2 ]4 F- r: V: ]$ @; u
3 Q. F) h' o* u* [19.4 Single-stranded DNA phages.2 o1 W! d1 _5 M6 j' |9 q
# g3 b. ]. Q4 y
19.5 Double-stranded DNA phages.
9 X, N' L; a9 z/ y+ c3 {. m8 ^: Z2 n$ _$ C L- ]; v; J/ a/ {) N' v
20 Origins and evolution of viruses.* E$ t; _3 z3 N$ N( y
1 R& Q: T( c X* f
21.1 Introduction to origins and evolution of viruses.
% D# p9 M7 V+ O8 s& D
7 @" q4 A+ ]- o4 R20.2 Origins of viruses.
& `( A8 R3 a3 R; q1 H: T5 v" R b4 H' I% F1 W0 c; ?
20.3 Evolution of viruses., v4 {0 U0 f! n0 _3 p+ y
/ [8 z: K8 M- u5 r- i8 X21 Emerging viruses.( v( e. v8 ~ Y% D; H3 p* D5 l- i0 V
0 `) F s& U' c" F0 ~21.1 Introduction to emerging viruses& h: t1 s4 Y, x& ]. n2 @0 k0 n7 }& K
) A8 [# v4 e0 C6 B; R+ p0 v3 }, Z3 A
21.2 Viruses in new host species
1 S: T1 a* Z; k# {
$ b) f. i v v5 w- U1 m+ K21.3 Viruses in new areas
% e, B% y- u9 B3 R! s+ _& S/ N8 X
# J3 s$ N3 v/ U7 H. W7 n+ Q21.4 Viruses in new host species and in new areas6 C6 [5 r# {3 d3 k1 ~
! ?9 c$ N# y2 }( L9 E21.5 New viruses; ^% i z2 }; K d2 w
3 [ @. u) P7 M* \) t S% C
21.6 Recently discovered virus y! M9 E/ C% e7 Q; m
( m1 Z3 t+ v( Q" Y% L
21.7 Re-emerging viruses
' U# U4 N; @, ? g" j* `
+ L! k& [" }) l3 u! ?21.8 Virus surveillance
) u6 e; t/ X( E) y/ J4 ~
' u t" U" @1 p- L21.9 Dealing with outbreaks/ P; }. E3 f: o" I0 Q
% O$ h+ k M- z2 v7 l! z22 Viruses and cancer
$ C4 W+ p5 c$ i4 V; Y, n0 Y$ P- W% ^: ~/ m' J" j
22.1 Introduction to viruses and cancer: X$ q! L8 p; w- F N7 J: d/ Z
+ o4 Y2 o0 n, W% G5 n) j2 m2 E
22.2 Papillomavirus-linked cancers
) t% s1 e6 g9 Y( ^/ G
) g. J: L. A" J4 f5 k) i22.3 Polyomavirus-linked cancers* b) B( o B* q/ T+ O$ b* [* N. J( ]
: @1 R+ S- x' b3 y9 Y22.4 Epstein-Barr virus-linked cancers0 t; Y( t# i1 r4 h
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22.5 Kaposi’s sarcoma
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22.6 Adult T cell leukaemia
' _, X+ b( C9 k6 c1 M0 P# y- q7 A5 W6 `6 H" m
22.7 Hepatocellular carcinoma H9 @9 d0 C& V3 D, p
4 n5 A/ |3 E0 W3 [/ S! D22.8 Virus-associated cancers in animals! q$ [1 [' ~- |* O1 ?% E5 f7 Y
) |- P& P+ Q/ U4 x. g22.9 Cell lines derived from virus-associated cancers.$ x( ^. v h" y" D' C
2 ]% U4 N, O2 R7 Z$ S/ G# }
22.10 How do viruses cause cancer?% ^4 H& T; ^5 g; Y* Q. V
+ @: c% |4 N& v2 j9 ?8 \+ }+ h5 ]
22.11 Prevention of virus-induced cancers.
' c% d, R* Y" u$ W7 E3 p# {1 i! \) ~) a
. B! v5 `1 m1 t* i+ L8 N, l# u/ w3 J23 Survival of infectivity.
$ j" F4 O8 u( i* b. Z
7 d) Q$ B( G6 J m8 |$ n23.1 Preservation of virus infectivity.
) K, N1 b7 V$ y/ p& t" i. E& U1 v% o; I* Y$ _! k
23.2 Destruction of virus infectivity./ K' z; N1 U3 }+ ~$ c
4 Q# n V1 O7 r1 {- z' g23.3 Inactivation targets in virions.
) }. J3 K. z4 H0 i6 S; f: P# `4 C7 Z" _% s8 M3 B4 c+ ]
23.4 Inactivation kinetics.
0 v* E. v# d% M7 @
4 t: c, J. y5 r" x8 j23.5 Agents that inactivate virus infectivity.
9 J! P/ z3 _6 k/ O9 O ^6 ~1 E# @4 X* m& B. H$ X+ w
24 Virus vaccines.
) }4 q; T+ |. p a1 u7 v0 I4 r- I _4 \2 g0 Q! a
24.1 Introduction to virus vaccines.
) B: R! L6 m6 Q
0 C0 H1 ~$ |3 W24.2 Live attenuated virus vaccines.( m7 j" l9 t- V7 H
# u, F' a1 q2 @24.3 Inactivated virus vaccines.
4 P$ d& _9 f: C) E U1 X# n( p; r5 x
; E6 h& I: s- M! |* D24.4 Virion subunit vaccines.! }) k) j: i' I% e
+ S- y; K0 y+ \ X( |$ W
24.5 Live recombinant virus vaccines.
5 A$ D d. Y- ], P, c7 h# A8 e5 Z$ q+ g4 A$ p! C# n
24.6 Mass production of viruses for vaccines.
k9 z* O6 U! w& `
9 v1 d! _ L- ^6 e! O K$ @: m24.7 Virus-like particles.
4 L- y3 A! h) B
2 ]; _; v K) e, `24.8 Synthetic peptide vaccines. m, v# ]) B0 S( R; N, h0 T
3 |- m d/ H$ ]
24.9 DNA vaccines.( x: l( I7 s) c1 u3 s* M" {+ X/ p
' q. _& J( J( b( N m" Z4 o24.10 Storage and transport of vaccines.4 i+ p! c9 H8 I1 V4 |+ X% d* @9 b
( t8 \4 v8 K0 Q$ h8 w
25 Anti-viral drugs.
0 d& u2 Q0 D% _7 `* S0 [+ k n- U
# O! D2 p! _/ g25.1 Introduction to anti-viral drugs.! p" W3 w0 j! D" o A+ ~5 l
; e& ^) j }# _( E+ r1 {! l. @25.2 Development of anti-viral drugs.# f7 y& c0 j0 Y. C
, X1 n; G1 h0 R4 S" i25.3 Examples of anti-viral drugs.
7 X* D' O" h* W3 x- a% R
! ~7 ~5 d* {1 |' A3 A25.4 Drug resistance.+ m8 J5 d: q! C% r; Y6 Z* Z
: H1 Y- h5 u/ V- @( F. ~& v: ]
25.5 Anti-viral drug research.
3 u6 o9 X8 P, B; P: |4 k- r
! D# j1 ?6 f5 b3 J26 Prions." H) ] y# H$ A/ e" H, L/ S
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26.1 Introduction to prions.
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4 R' _1 T0 P2 v& W26.2 Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
+ A2 b9 f; |9 g3 x' }. S
6 D7 J; w( b) g( u+ r0 v( j26.3 The nature of prions.5 Y% s/ W. x7 d0 W6 b1 [
' E# R- [" H; ~ }, s2 r26.4 Prion diseases.% l, v m' ?/ x& ~7 F! L1 q
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26.5 Prion strains.5 c! A2 a6 Y( t# @+ W$ o; G
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26.6 Prion transmission.) I9 h( P( b, a0 O6 M
/ X& k. h/ t8 \6 `' r- d0 r1 |26.7 The protein-only hypothesis., s* Z$ [" _ L
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Learning outcomes.
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Sources of further information.! X( Y0 M/ k, C9 a2 R
8 G1 f0 s% v: I; \' ?: P, b+ ]Virologists' vocabulary.% ~! F* L9 f' [) y/ S6 K
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Index. |
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