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原发性小肠癌CEA分布
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion. It is normally produced during fetal development, but the production of CEA stops before birth. Therefore, it is not usually present in the blood of healthy adults, although levels are raised in heavy smokers. CEA is a glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-cell surface anchored glycoprotein whose specialized sialofucosylated glycoforms serve as functional colon carcinoma L-selectin and E-selectin ligands, which may be critical to the metastatic dissemination of colon carcinoma cells.[1][2][3]
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CEA was first identified in 1965 by Phil Gold and Samuel O. Freedman in human colon cancer tissue extracts.[4]
It was found that serum from individuals with colorectal carcinoma,[5] gastric carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, lung carcinoma and breast carcinoma, as well as individuals with medullary thyroid carcinoma, had higher levels of CEA than healthy individuals. Regions of high CEA levels in the body can be detected with the monoclonal antibody arcitumomab.
CEA measurement is mainly used as a tumor marker to identify recurrences after surgical resection, or localize cancer spread though dosage of biological fluids. The CEA blood test is not reliable for diagnosing cancer or as a screening test for early detection of cancer. Most types of cancer do not produce a high CEA. Elevated CEA levels should return to normal after successful surgical resection, or within 6 weeks of starting treatment if cancer treatment is successful.
CEA levels may also be raised in some non-neoplastic conditions like ulcerative colitis, pancreatitis, cirrhosis, COPD, Crohn's disease as well as in smokers.[6]
CEA and related genes make up the CEA family belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. In humans, the carcinoembryonic antigen family consists of 29 genes, 18 of which are normally expressed.[7]
The following is a list of human genes which encode carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion proteins:
CEACAM1, CEACAM3, CEACAM4, CEACAM5, CEACAM6, CEACAM7, CEACAM8, CEACAM16, CEACAM18, CEACAM19, CEACAM20, CEACAM21
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癌胚抗原 CEA
癌胚抗原是 1965 年 Gold 和 Freedman 首先从胎儿及结肠癌组织中发现的。CEA 是一种分子量为 22KD 的多糖蛋白复合物,45%为蛋白质。CEA 的编码基因位于 19 号染色体。一般情况下,CEA 是由胎儿胃肠道上皮组织、胰和肝细胞所合成。通常在妊娠前 6 个月内 CEA 含量增高,出生后血清中含量已很低。96%-97%非吸烟健康成年人血清中 CEA 浓度小于 2.5μg/L,大量吸烟者有 20%-40%的人 CEA>2.5μg/L,少数 CEA>5.0μg/L。
CEA 属于非器官特异性肿瘤相关抗原,分泌 CEA 的肿瘤大多位于空腔脏器,如胃肠道、呼吸道、泌尿道等。正常情况下 CEA 经胃肠道代谢,而肿瘤状态时的 CEA 则进入血和淋巴循环,引起血清 CEA 异常增高,使上述各种肿瘤患者的血清 CEA 均有增高。在临床上,当CEA 大于 60μg/L 时,可见于结肠癌、直肠癌、胃癌和肺癌。CEA 值升高,表明有病变残存或进展。如肺癌、乳腺癌、膀胱癌和卵巢癌患者血清 CEA 量会明显升高,大多显示为肿瘤浸润,其中约 70%为转移性癌。一般来说,手术切除后 6 周,CEA 水平恢复正常,否则提示有残存肿瘤,若 CEA 浓度持续不断升高,或其数值超过正常 5-6 倍者均提示预后不良。连续随访定量检测血清 CEA 含量,对肿瘤病情判断更具有意义。
除血液之外,其它生物液体,如胰液和胆汁内 CEA 定量可用于诊断胰腺或胆道癌;浆液性渗出液的 CEA 定量可作为细胞学检查的辅助手段;尿液 CEA 定量可作为判断膀胱癌预后的参考。血清 CEA 定量结合甲状腺降钙素测定,有助于甲状腺髓样癌的诊断和复发的估计。
癌胚抗原(CEA)一度被认为是消化道癌肿尤其是结肠癌的特异性免疫学表现。但以后发现某些良性疾患尤其是肝病时,循环内 CEA 也常升高,故认为其特异性不强。⑴原发性肝癌时血清 CEA 常升高;各种原发癌(特别是结肠、肺和乳房)肝转移时,CEA 水平较无肝转移者为高,近年研究发现各种来源的肝转移性癌肿组织内均有大量 CEA 存在。⑵良性肝病也常有 CEA 升高,一般为 2.5~5 毫微克/毫升,罕有超过 10 毫微克/毫升者,在各种肝病中,以酒精性肝病时升高者最多,特别是伴有活动性肝细胞损害病例;胆道疾患时血清 CEA 也可升高。
肝病时血清 CEA 升高的原理和临床意义。目前认为,正常肠粘膜和有炎症、癌肿的肠粘膜均能产生 CEA。肝损害时,肝对血循环中 CEA 的摄取和降解能力减低,血清 CEA 即升高;如病人系肠癌伴肝转移,则一方面 CEA 产生增多,另一方面被癌肿损害的肝不能摄取、降解 CEA,则血清 CEA 更加升高。因此,在某种意义上,血清 CEA 浓度反映了肝功能状态,肝病时如血清 CEA 升高,反映肝功能不良;如癌肿病人 CEA 明显升高,应疑及肝内转移可能。
原发性小肠癌是少见的消化道肿瘤,临床表现与发生部位、生长方式等有关。
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