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本帖最后由 细胞海洋 于 2010-1-14 17:51 编辑
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Biotechnology
1 x9 l' J9 J5 uFifth edition* i: ^* C) p% P. F3 ]4 Y3 m( A/ T; q
Biotechnology is the major technology of the twenty-first century – yet few
0 k8 v6 F5 a$ r& z" _; V( ]1 M$ speople realise how much it impacts on many aspects of human society.
8 A9 n. }% \0 f* | ?- _6 G7 l* ]: TThe defining aim of this new fifth edition is to re-establish the correct
; A4 g* U) S! L) i7 F6 E3 p/ Funderstanding of the term biotechnology. Using the straightforward style+ s/ t/ o" i& e& G
that made the previous editions of his textbook so popular, John Smith
. _6 ?' r+ A2 W% H* oonce again helps students and general readers alike with the deciphering" Y, p+ K# Z$ \9 C
and use of biological knowledge.He explains the historical developments in3 l$ B% [- `( L" ~6 R! q
biotechnology and the range of activities from brewing beer, the treatment$ |+ H/ N2 ^& u0 d. Z3 S
of sewage and other wastes, and the creation of biofuels. He also discusses; j* X# Y9 a* A5 e% Y
the innovations in molecular biology, genomics and proteomics, systems3 a% U4 p1 L* J/ S& I1 Q& C8 E
biology and their impact on new biotechnology. In this edition John Smith
1 O9 q3 k7 r, F( L2 Halso re-examines the ethics and morality of aspects of biotechnology and
& a5 q+ a3 j% wputs new emphasis on stem cells and regenerative medicine and micro
" |# b4 N- x. I9 |RNA.
7 q8 U2 b) I0 HJohn E. Smith is Emeritus Professor of Applied Microbiology in the
0 T, N$ _, D6 `0 b/ yInstitute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde,9 Y& h3 `$ t# W) f
Glasgow and Scientific Advisor to GlycaNova, Norway.
/ g& ^# o& }- c; }$ W+ t& W
7 R H& p" N- l Z( w7 yPreface
: w% R& n4 J$ f, S) l" tA defining aim of this fifth edition of Biotechnology has been to re-establish
8 ]7 M- x: c$ W# E5 kthe correct understanding of the true meaning of biotechnology.5 ~/ e' r& q, j/ x$ u: l6 I( j
Biotechnology is in essence the deciphering and use of biological knowledge.
% o6 J$ R. Y! EIt is highly multidisciplinary since it has its foundations in many
, ]/ ~2 q+ q, w2 U) I$ Edisciplines including biology, microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology,5 L, n- i* L. V9 r
genetics, chemistry and chemical and process engineering. It may also
+ \1 m4 L* B9 i& y- [. Kbe viewed as a series of enabling technologies that involve the practical
. |8 v" D8 _" n3 wapplication of organisms (especially microorganisms) or their cellular components* r7 e9 t/ ] s+ y4 @
to manufacturing and service industries and environmental management.
8 Z% p5 ~4 E& eHistorically, biotechnology was an artisanal skill rather than a
! b0 Q+ @+ w" t: X# _+ y5 Y: B# d" U9 Tscience, exemplified in themanufacture ofwines, beers, cheeses, etc.where
2 n7 x J% P/ W- kthe techniques of manufacture were well worked out and reproducible,
! D) A1 m0 L, T: @! E9 Lwhile the biological mechanisms were not understood. As the scientific) S- L% ]" L5 a
basis of these biotechnology processes has developed this has led to more2 J7 J1 { [' A$ m0 s2 }2 x
efficient manufacturing of the traditional processes that still represent the
0 V9 L# \" s& I, M" x$ Jmajor financial returns of biotechnology, i.e. bread, beers, wines, cheeses,3 F1 [0 v% n: E+ Z1 L
etc. Modern biotechnological processes have generated a wide range of new
2 P$ t- S8 C8 k3 G# G4 y, Dand novel products including antibiotics, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies,
. _8 d3 {; W2 ythe production of which has been optimised by improved fermentation: u1 E) \ l7 s) W- y, A
practices. Biotechnology has been further revolutionised by a range8 l/ ?) m3 w& X" q
of new molecular biology innovations, allowing unprecedented molecular$ T7 y, [0 P4 S1 C4 F
changes to be made to living organisms. The increasing understanding of+ |9 N, i1 g U9 X% A
genomics and proteomics has led to the creation of a vast range of transgenic
1 i& |. f$ { G; ?& pmicroorganisms, agricultural (genetically modified) crops and animals,
4 h h6 s5 |8 ~/ U! J- |4 land major new recombinant protein drugs, and has revolutionised
6 i! a4 z- Q( {+ C8 }! R8 pactivities in the traditional food and drinks industries. In the environment,
+ B( w+ Q! ]3 abiotechnology innovations are creating major advances in water7 n/ _3 |. r; K! J0 X5 M
and land management and also remediating the pollution generated by
8 r; Z0 V N, k9 k" tover-industrialisation.
' b- |. a K5 T4 z% _There have been vast investments in molecular diagnostics, not only in
5 s0 N+ U4 k% ~% Imedicine but in plant and animal agriculture and the environment. Will1 X6 R5 @% t# z* U: w
the huge potential of stem cells for remedial medicine soon be realised?7 W. O N- l F* X1 L+ ]
Until recently, much attention has been given to determining the ‘nuts
% o" [6 w4 D& I5 T2 h! A& t. o, g) t! Hand bolts’ of biological systems. Now, systems biology is aiming to describe! q0 }6 _4 ]# L, ^
and to understand the operation of complex biological systems and ultimately% H1 B3 _& D4 n6 f! [# o# n# A
to develop predictive models of, for example, human disease and
. Q! P5 Z2 y4 }( Acomplex fermenter systems used in biotechnology.) X4 K$ [9 @5 a. J0 L
Some of the new aspects of biotechnology, such as genetic engineering,
C5 n- m0 j2 Khave aroused certain social sensitivities of an ethical, moral and political
2 t1 i4 }" u* V- P' v+ t6 icharacter. Regulatory authorities throughout the world are now examining1 v! t# W3 u" @" M/ Z
the implications of these new and revolutionary techniques. It is hoped that9 w5 p$ Z6 w5 k1 D q# U1 I
common sense will prevail.
6 I) K/ I5 `6 M: E1 wUndoubtedly, modern biotechnology can only maximise its full potential
1 D Y2 ?4 s6 L" X/ sto benefit mankind through achieving a basis of public understanding,
+ k% r4 J/ E! @1 i3 R. lawareness, and knowledge of the technologies. Participating scientists must learn to communicate openly with the public and attempt to demystify the
' u) l5 P2 M0 y5 d( _5 fcomplex nature of living systems. By doing so they will generate a greater4 [9 u+ v j0 Y9 L
level of confidence and trust between the scientific community and the
7 t# r& a1 E# ?! b4 F6 j3 vpublic at large.
5 ?* [, U2 A. x, v( |: QThis expanded fifth edition of Biotechnology is again aimed to give an
/ _( u1 f5 n) B& cintegrated overview of its complex, multifaceted and often ill-maligned- j5 n$ D5 `* R, K
subjects, and for some young readers to point the way forward to exciting,2 ?* x/ ^5 ]# C* E
satisfying and rewarding careers. Biotechnology will undoubtedly be the
" ]. b( b% O! k; `1 D7 k. O1 Lmajor technology of the twenty-first century and should be so recognised
+ F, r2 x; j! O2 M- r- oby the lay public.
$ \$ R3 s3 c4 M9 B2 k% P: tI amagain deeply indebted to the long-suffering Elizabeth Clements for+ d, A. D& ~5 R3 [4 V+ L
her skilful processing of the manuscript and her continued dedication. |
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发表于 2010-1-14 17:41
发表于 2010-1-14 17:50
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