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本帖最后由 细胞海洋 于 2010-1-14 17:51 编辑
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$ x" F$ W' G/ d5 k3 ~- j/ VBiotechnology5 Q8 @/ u; L- u$ n* O @
Fifth edition0 s5 B, X( Y- C; K& w
Biotechnology is the major technology of the twenty-first century – yet few
- l9 p7 a7 s$ f i1 q$ Ypeople realise how much it impacts on many aspects of human society.
( _! W, }% q. v6 Q6 gThe defining aim of this new fifth edition is to re-establish the correct2 U) _1 G# i* d4 {. t6 G( V
understanding of the term biotechnology. Using the straightforward style
' p5 F: d! D; M9 _' gthat made the previous editions of his textbook so popular, John Smith
8 |' r& `) a0 g- ~( aonce again helps students and general readers alike with the deciphering
3 u5 v5 v6 H+ p. kand use of biological knowledge.He explains the historical developments in" H9 L+ C2 `; ]0 @% U0 z
biotechnology and the range of activities from brewing beer, the treatment2 O, X$ g$ N4 g4 s& g
of sewage and other wastes, and the creation of biofuels. He also discusses( J1 E6 E- i0 _9 Y2 q6 x* u
the innovations in molecular biology, genomics and proteomics, systems5 }# A3 K$ X4 k3 k% J
biology and their impact on new biotechnology. In this edition John Smith) J& p2 T, h6 [9 `+ O# @
also re-examines the ethics and morality of aspects of biotechnology and
6 N! D$ x: C$ A" }puts new emphasis on stem cells and regenerative medicine and micro& d5 o% S5 Z! y- z0 }; p
RNA.
* o4 ` o, j T* i! {* C) {9 rJohn E. Smith is Emeritus Professor of Applied Microbiology in the
+ X b$ i( d; M& cInstitute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde,1 i' z) y A. h& P/ S& g/ J* A
Glasgow and Scientific Advisor to GlycaNova, Norway.8 O5 k0 \% {2 D
# e) V! z6 x! d. t8 M+ `: j
Preface
9 v1 m) j% L1 v1 ^* L7 M$ BA defining aim of this fifth edition of Biotechnology has been to re-establish6 R- K D" x. F0 ]. g: m- |' E3 e' ?
the correct understanding of the true meaning of biotechnology." }5 a) |; I1 j1 G3 Q( X' V
Biotechnology is in essence the deciphering and use of biological knowledge.5 x- H# l; {1 Y# d
It is highly multidisciplinary since it has its foundations in many6 I: r6 t- p& V# D% B' q
disciplines including biology, microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology,( p+ {0 @3 _5 y+ T+ {0 v; Z4 R
genetics, chemistry and chemical and process engineering. It may also0 U6 c( ^! L5 }' R
be viewed as a series of enabling technologies that involve the practical
7 a! e( t; a) k' T5 s, X* Q9 Lapplication of organisms (especially microorganisms) or their cellular components
4 g! A3 P+ x5 K4 Oto manufacturing and service industries and environmental management.9 ^- k0 t& n# w' F3 f1 V
Historically, biotechnology was an artisanal skill rather than a! l0 p/ o) O* y9 K. E9 O& v
science, exemplified in themanufacture ofwines, beers, cheeses, etc.where+ K, M/ Q9 b7 Q& d
the techniques of manufacture were well worked out and reproducible,
6 O# ^2 A. I3 e1 x* C5 g: Twhile the biological mechanisms were not understood. As the scientific. C' }' m3 K' o
basis of these biotechnology processes has developed this has led to more
" h$ S1 c. T. o7 m8 pefficient manufacturing of the traditional processes that still represent the
3 I: E' _/ ]1 I/ h7 Cmajor financial returns of biotechnology, i.e. bread, beers, wines, cheeses,
- t- d; d9 d. }2 Eetc. Modern biotechnological processes have generated a wide range of new [- U* Z! f) y# ]( Z( O
and novel products including antibiotics, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies,
8 w) X7 N6 [% |& G: q) E9 r2 gthe production of which has been optimised by improved fermentation# r* j% `; U2 ?; h
practices. Biotechnology has been further revolutionised by a range. G9 ^* o+ P7 ?# ~! O3 t
of new molecular biology innovations, allowing unprecedented molecular
6 ~6 P# ~3 m6 W3 l& Z& B* O5 K7 rchanges to be made to living organisms. The increasing understanding of7 e* d3 v" Y4 i
genomics and proteomics has led to the creation of a vast range of transgenic
! C5 \$ B9 k% \/ ^; I5 |/ u" ^microorganisms, agricultural (genetically modified) crops and animals,
4 N) s- u& ]3 Cand major new recombinant protein drugs, and has revolutionised# b3 r) @$ I3 o; N+ Y6 G
activities in the traditional food and drinks industries. In the environment,
) b: q/ N }0 w. ^' gbiotechnology innovations are creating major advances in water
# K/ i" r$ s3 o2 y+ _, @% @and land management and also remediating the pollution generated by E+ K* F7 h) c& Y; T
over-industrialisation.
. F0 g7 [3 p3 d0 UThere have been vast investments in molecular diagnostics, not only in
4 d) T/ D( ~# i; f; Lmedicine but in plant and animal agriculture and the environment. Will
4 u- K( F, ]7 dthe huge potential of stem cells for remedial medicine soon be realised?" }- j" ~7 V; H; x3 ~
Until recently, much attention has been given to determining the ‘nuts
1 r4 z4 C4 D8 M4 y8 J9 ~. ?* G& rand bolts’ of biological systems. Now, systems biology is aiming to describe
' X- d' E8 ~% j9 l1 n) ?. rand to understand the operation of complex biological systems and ultimately
, ]3 X" g) @4 x/ z2 lto develop predictive models of, for example, human disease and
. N! q( I! B0 X4 ~$ `complex fermenter systems used in biotechnology.) x" S" u7 A6 x) h
Some of the new aspects of biotechnology, such as genetic engineering,
4 z! N; U2 k; E( ?have aroused certain social sensitivities of an ethical, moral and political3 |; y% H4 c/ [4 D8 K
character. Regulatory authorities throughout the world are now examining; H) w, T* f7 a" E
the implications of these new and revolutionary techniques. It is hoped that
- K: L* v$ G* y9 xcommon sense will prevail.+ r; `& o' u& }
Undoubtedly, modern biotechnology can only maximise its full potential( M+ n% }4 T j. \: R
to benefit mankind through achieving a basis of public understanding,
, m' H: ]: a% F9 ~awareness, and knowledge of the technologies. Participating scientists must learn to communicate openly with the public and attempt to demystify the
9 u" ^ ]* Q; J" X: A Tcomplex nature of living systems. By doing so they will generate a greater5 A/ K+ x1 T4 \/ g: s1 Q
level of confidence and trust between the scientific community and the% G, v4 Y& { p
public at large.
; H& E( `* O( L) k3 J6 y: I7 bThis expanded fifth edition of Biotechnology is again aimed to give an
0 A; _ C. ^2 b' o1 iintegrated overview of its complex, multifaceted and often ill-maligned6 S8 @6 Q( I7 h" K/ r0 V
subjects, and for some young readers to point the way forward to exciting,
, t8 K+ P( q: G' Psatisfying and rewarding careers. Biotechnology will undoubtedly be the n; R4 a9 I |. t5 G" ?. \5 b
major technology of the twenty-first century and should be so recognised
# m# F4 `! V& e% \6 c- O% `8 B5 k/ Q0 Eby the lay public.' m- i L( K8 f: q- w' F
I amagain deeply indebted to the long-suffering Elizabeth Clements for% q; @- X D) o! N+ @1 T7 L2 {
her skilful processing of the manuscript and her continued dedication. |
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发表于 2010-1-14 17:41
