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本帖最后由 细胞海洋 于 2010-1-14 17:51 编辑
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Biotechnology
7 H8 U5 E2 J9 nFifth edition) E: T% {9 r3 a* b+ {
Biotechnology is the major technology of the twenty-first century – yet few
7 }$ L9 r8 p) ~6 ?0 }9 g0 kpeople realise how much it impacts on many aspects of human society.
}$ o/ V( l+ VThe defining aim of this new fifth edition is to re-establish the correct8 T; ~! ?3 d& p, k8 V$ `! L& d
understanding of the term biotechnology. Using the straightforward style
- V+ ^/ t" R2 Cthat made the previous editions of his textbook so popular, John Smith
" H. ~) `6 v2 X$ zonce again helps students and general readers alike with the deciphering& [/ _. K2 [7 Z
and use of biological knowledge.He explains the historical developments in, M3 w# h, m5 B: f$ t
biotechnology and the range of activities from brewing beer, the treatment" j4 @7 ?9 U, @0 C0 Z& K- a
of sewage and other wastes, and the creation of biofuels. He also discusses
& p" ^! S% I& H, F; B$ }9 Q4 k, Athe innovations in molecular biology, genomics and proteomics, systems* k* [! z6 {* _3 L, {8 D
biology and their impact on new biotechnology. In this edition John Smith
K0 Z/ I) ]9 m0 o) f% Falso re-examines the ethics and morality of aspects of biotechnology and) L+ p( F( R, L$ j* g5 f
puts new emphasis on stem cells and regenerative medicine and micro
) _& U7 W0 {% H. _4 ~RNA. l# S0 D$ c2 _1 X+ R/ \
John E. Smith is Emeritus Professor of Applied Microbiology in the
! e1 n5 {5 ]* s; Q# k1 ~8 HInstitute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde,
# f5 y+ n0 z5 R5 w2 k. C, XGlasgow and Scientific Advisor to GlycaNova, Norway.5 X$ i( t) \. ^8 a& d! X/ I& N. v2 y
4 I- F, _( b+ bPreface& E# `+ O: B" S0 A( Z/ H+ `
A defining aim of this fifth edition of Biotechnology has been to re-establish
% E' }9 U3 u% N6 U# i# Ithe correct understanding of the true meaning of biotechnology.
# z. N$ L; s$ G' r2 GBiotechnology is in essence the deciphering and use of biological knowledge.
. A) O: _7 |) I3 R0 XIt is highly multidisciplinary since it has its foundations in many
9 I( }0 g4 O4 T: z3 n$ Ydisciplines including biology, microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology,
" g' r/ z0 q5 Q( p+ n8 |) Igenetics, chemistry and chemical and process engineering. It may also2 _" \8 T7 Q m: c% q( q' y
be viewed as a series of enabling technologies that involve the practical6 p, R& V' H* y' [
application of organisms (especially microorganisms) or their cellular components
n9 E& w, X1 W1 C7 Gto manufacturing and service industries and environmental management.
/ l3 @ g, G" E0 B. x$ b# R/ oHistorically, biotechnology was an artisanal skill rather than a: s! Z( R% b2 P' [! _0 I9 F$ _; C3 @
science, exemplified in themanufacture ofwines, beers, cheeses, etc.where% f4 j! O! l. W( F8 H e' d
the techniques of manufacture were well worked out and reproducible,7 w7 n( a' D, h! K+ p6 o* B1 t
while the biological mechanisms were not understood. As the scientific
% u, i) R% V8 L3 t9 W' abasis of these biotechnology processes has developed this has led to more4 N6 r3 ~$ @: H5 q/ A1 v. M
efficient manufacturing of the traditional processes that still represent the
8 ]" `+ H/ D' j. F7 g2 s% s( ~major financial returns of biotechnology, i.e. bread, beers, wines, cheeses,9 H' w5 \3 c, l4 e, ~3 B: w+ w
etc. Modern biotechnological processes have generated a wide range of new# D4 n9 U0 y7 I
and novel products including antibiotics, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies,) V q& N3 u J% D f7 w* C
the production of which has been optimised by improved fermentation9 B1 Z. |5 X/ s: d5 P
practices. Biotechnology has been further revolutionised by a range+ h' Q$ \9 B" ~$ \: Y- u
of new molecular biology innovations, allowing unprecedented molecular
, A: K& [7 K( h" J3 W! `changes to be made to living organisms. The increasing understanding of
3 G0 h5 ~# X: b$ C1 dgenomics and proteomics has led to the creation of a vast range of transgenic
% d6 i2 J: R2 l* J/ p: wmicroorganisms, agricultural (genetically modified) crops and animals,. X# l1 E* M* c+ F
and major new recombinant protein drugs, and has revolutionised. t% \! B, i( S* @ b* V* R3 @
activities in the traditional food and drinks industries. In the environment,4 _6 x( R% C }& Y+ C, ]) G
biotechnology innovations are creating major advances in water
$ i+ a5 z* L) H, xand land management and also remediating the pollution generated by
( L" B8 ?; v5 a- {% Cover-industrialisation.8 ^) `. y; e$ Z; Q' C
There have been vast investments in molecular diagnostics, not only in* ^1 C1 `& I! s, H! A8 V
medicine but in plant and animal agriculture and the environment. Will
0 [% M/ K+ e, U% M& \the huge potential of stem cells for remedial medicine soon be realised?& \) T/ e% ` y& N2 f3 F/ ~
Until recently, much attention has been given to determining the ‘nuts- g4 M2 V( c/ t9 M; E
and bolts’ of biological systems. Now, systems biology is aiming to describe
+ @6 j3 p1 O, E9 @# g, Fand to understand the operation of complex biological systems and ultimately% i# b' t! ?7 Q% ~) H) i2 w% a
to develop predictive models of, for example, human disease and Y( v5 B% a" _' L$ z7 U
complex fermenter systems used in biotechnology.
! J! M1 J& L8 rSome of the new aspects of biotechnology, such as genetic engineering,
7 w- O; r+ n1 y/ F) U' n: jhave aroused certain social sensitivities of an ethical, moral and political
$ F2 h0 B4 k+ D$ zcharacter. Regulatory authorities throughout the world are now examining+ ~9 k) Y5 i2 |) |* O
the implications of these new and revolutionary techniques. It is hoped that
9 |6 w+ E! k! |5 Lcommon sense will prevail.
4 U! D) h3 i+ z3 C2 x- F8 P" bUndoubtedly, modern biotechnology can only maximise its full potential
/ M0 A$ q' m( s% a b8 uto benefit mankind through achieving a basis of public understanding,$ \) o% ?) B2 L; p8 W
awareness, and knowledge of the technologies. Participating scientists must learn to communicate openly with the public and attempt to demystify the2 v/ _- \$ J1 g0 x c* H7 m
complex nature of living systems. By doing so they will generate a greater: f* C6 J- \0 k& z
level of confidence and trust between the scientific community and the% k, G! V+ ~* `0 d
public at large.
$ @: {# m' x. d: v9 D6 v6 DThis expanded fifth edition of Biotechnology is again aimed to give an! V; y' Y) W1 H
integrated overview of its complex, multifaceted and often ill-maligned
7 R% ^, F* v4 [, ^6 gsubjects, and for some young readers to point the way forward to exciting,0 }- {& u& o6 Y5 Q! G% k" G
satisfying and rewarding careers. Biotechnology will undoubtedly be the
) J/ }& l% B: G5 S& i8 y2 tmajor technology of the twenty-first century and should be so recognised
6 S9 d! u/ x. ^1 Y' a( v" G) Bby the lay public.
8 w. A6 w( [+ w6 P; T' `% yI amagain deeply indebted to the long-suffering Elizabeth Clements for) \4 l% D( c O' m. Z A* l4 l* D/ Q7 y
her skilful processing of the manuscript and her continued dedication. |
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发表于 2010-1-14 17:41
发表于 2010-1-14 17:50
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