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Biotechnology
Fifth edition
Biotechnology is the major technology of the twenty-first century – yet few
people realise how much it impacts on many aspects of human society.. ~8 m: Z5 a: Z: V4 x
The defining aim of this new fifth edition is to re-establish the correct& S$ x8 T: c; E& Q
understanding of the term biotechnology. Using the straightforward style
that made the previous editions of his textbook so popular, John Smith
once again helps students and general readers alike with the deciphering
and use of biological knowledge.He explains the historical developments in' v9 {) A. {2 v+ q+ J8 U
biotechnology and the range of activities from brewing beer, the treatment
of sewage and other wastes, and the creation of biofuels. He also discusses
the innovations in molecular biology, genomics and proteomics, systems( |: o% x& s; L$ x8 `. t
biology and their impact on new biotechnology. In this edition John Smith, G! @9 d( \1 i7 ~
also re-examines the ethics and morality of aspects of biotechnology and
puts new emphasis on stem cells and regenerative medicine and micro
RNA.
John E. Smith is Emeritus Professor of Applied Microbiology in the
Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde,
Glasgow and Scientific Advisor to GlycaNova, Norway.5 }( M: g. N& k
6 R1 e$ x0 M" e9 b9 a3 _0 J
Preface
A defining aim of this fifth edition of Biotechnology has been to re-establish
the correct understanding of the true meaning of biotechnology.1 a4 K1 V- f1 b6 ]$ G
Biotechnology is in essence the deciphering and use of biological knowledge.# p3 S# C! O- t; f" l2 h
It is highly multidisciplinary since it has its foundations in many$ z- [+ ~9 y, \& {$ P
disciplines including biology, microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology,  w3 K% O& {2 V  X8 d! q' G
genetics, chemistry and chemical and process engineering. It may also5 j# C4 g; k) m1 g! Q- D4 z
be viewed as a series of enabling technologies that involve the practical
application of organisms (especially microorganisms) or their cellular components
to manufacturing and service industries and environmental management.& S! x7 L. f5 D4 ^" @, Q: G
Historically, biotechnology was an artisanal skill rather than a
science, exemplified in themanufacture ofwines, beers, cheeses, etc.where  K- m/ v7 O" i" T
the techniques of manufacture were well worked out and reproducible,8 O7 r1 P; ~' L0 U, `' \
while the biological mechanisms were not understood. As the scientific
basis of these biotechnology processes has developed this has led to more
efficient manufacturing of the traditional processes that still represent the1 J& z0 v% D' G
major financial returns of biotechnology, i.e. bread, beers, wines, cheeses,* _& a- k7 k* U8 k. D
etc. Modern biotechnological processes have generated a wide range of new
and novel products including antibiotics, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies,
the production of which has been optimised by improved fermentation
practices. Biotechnology has been further revolutionised by a range
of new molecular biology innovations, allowing unprecedented molecular
changes to be made to living organisms. The increasing understanding of& U; E, Q# L; J2 ?9 |+ J3 M5 L
genomics and proteomics has led to the creation of a vast range of transgenic- U' V1 X# J. y/ o
microorganisms, agricultural (genetically modified) crops and animals,9 ?4 P0 |5 h; ]6 Y: ]  J
and major new recombinant protein drugs, and has revolutionised( _3 }* m" [# x$ ~. P
activities in the traditional food and drinks industries. In the environment,
biotechnology innovations are creating major advances in water# d4 _6 E3 O) R8 E/ R6 x
and land management and also remediating the pollution generated by
over-industrialisation.: X& m0 r6 C1 R
There have been vast investments in molecular diagnostics, not only in
medicine but in plant and animal agriculture and the environment. Will
the huge potential of stem cells for remedial medicine soon be realised?5 f& N1 n" z! R7 f+ Y
Until recently, much attention has been given to determining the ‘nuts; f3 o. _7 X6 y, C$ O0 y/ R
and bolts’ of biological systems. Now, systems biology is aiming to describe
and to understand the operation of complex biological systems and ultimately
to develop predictive models of, for example, human disease and& _; |, @; y9 ~5 K/ {3 m; D/ z
complex fermenter systems used in biotechnology.( N( i4 c" R- E9 p1 ^
Some of the new aspects of biotechnology, such as genetic engineering,
have aroused certain social sensitivities of an ethical, moral and political! X4 Y! U5 T& w- I
character. Regulatory authorities throughout the world are now examining% {1 X$ b- H( N; ]' Q; o# `
the implications of these new and revolutionary techniques. It is hoped that
common sense will prevail.( A3 a  M, z) Z7 V* X5 D
Undoubtedly, modern biotechnology can only maximise its full potential
to benefit mankind through achieving a basis of public understanding,5 r( V/ @' F+ {; n- c
awareness, and knowledge of the technologies. Participating scientists must learn to communicate openly with the public and attempt to demystify the8 X1 h$ P& E/ d
complex nature of living systems. By doing so they will generate a greater7 q; `% y, ^# ]8 |# p
level of confidence and trust between the scientific community and the
public at large.
This expanded fifth edition of Biotechnology is again aimed to give an; n) w. t4 ]" ]( n( H5 m, B$ T; G
integrated overview of its complex, multifaceted and often ill-maligned1 x! N0 ~* Y3 {: C4 C* c
subjects, and for some young readers to point the way forward to exciting," q4 m$ Y+ ~: O
satisfying and rewarding careers. Biotechnology will undoubtedly be the5 P) ]1 W+ Y5 k: l' T/ l
major technology of the twenty-first century and should be so recognised
by the lay public.
I amagain deeply indebted to the long-suffering Elizabeth Clements for3 }" g, h/ ?! o, K
her skilful processing of the manuscript and her continued dedication.

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